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<title>Palm kernel</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Palm kernel</span></span>

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<p>The <b>palm kernel</b> is the edible seed of the <a href="Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palm</a> fruit. The fruit yields two distinct oils: <a href="Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> derived from the outer parts of the fruit, and <a href="Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">palm kernel oil</a> derived from the kernel.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The pulp left after oil is rendered from the kernel is formed into "palm kernel cake", used either as high-protein feed for dairy cattle or burned in boilers to generate electricity for palm oil mills and surrounding villages.

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<p>Palm kernel cake is most commonly produced by economical <a href="Expeller_pressing" title="Expeller pressing">screw press</a>, less frequently via more expensive <a href="Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">solvent extraction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>Palm kernel cake is a high-fibre, medium-grade protein <a href="Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">feed</a> best suited to <a href="Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other similar <a href="Fodder" title="Fodder">fodders</a>, palm kernel cake is ranked a little higher than <a href="Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> cake and <a href="Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa pod</a> husk,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but lower than <a href="Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">fish meal</a> and <a href="Groundnut_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundnut cake">groundnut cake</a>, especially in its protein value.

</p><p>Composed of 16% fiber, palm kernel cake also has a high phosphorus-to-calcium ratio and contains such essential elements as magnesium, iron, and zinc.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical ration formulated for the feeding of dairy cattle consists of palm kernel cake (50%), molasses (5%), grass/hay (42%), limestone (1.5%), mineral premix (1%), and salt (0.5%), with trace element/vitamin premix.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Palm kernel shells (PKS), a byproduct of <a href="Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">palm kernel oil</a> production, can be used for <a href="Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> (for example, in the form of <a href="Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">pellets</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">Palm kernel oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropical_agriculture" title="Tropical agriculture">Tropical agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_issues_with_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues with agriculture">Environmental issues with agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">Social and environmental impact of palm oil</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/y4355e/y4355e03.htm">Oil Palm</a> FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin-148, 2002, 60pg, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>92-5-104859-2</bdi></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/pod34-hisham.pdf">Malaysian Palm Kernel Cake as Animal Feed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060104090749/http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/pod34-hisham.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-01-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hishamuddin Mohd Aspar, 2001, Palm Oil Developments 34</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(06)72346-3/abstract">Evaluation of Palm Kernel Meal and Corn Distillers Grains in Corn Silage-Based Diets for Lactating Dairy Cows</a> Carvalho, Cabrita, Dewhurst, Vicente, Lopes, and Fonseca, 2006, <i>Journal of Dairy Science</i> Vol. 89, No. 7</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/agpc/doc/Proceedings/manado/chap25.htm">Palm Kernel Cake as a supplement for fattening and dairy cattle in Malaysia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109195906/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Proceedings/manado/chap25.htm">Archived</a> 2017-11-09 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> FY Chin, 1992, FAO, Manado, Chapter 25</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebookshop.mardi.gov.my/pub_detail.php?id=326&type=S">Nutritive value of palm kernel cake and cocoa pod husks for growing cattle</a> Wong Hee Kum, Wan Zahari Mohamed, 1997, <i>Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science</i>, Vol. 25, No. 1, <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1394-9829">1394-9829</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/POD/pod34-tang.pdf">Quality and Characteristics of Malaysian Palm Kernel Cakes/Expellers</a> Tang Thin Sue, 2001, <i>Palm Oil Developments</i> 34</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/pod40-wan.pdf">Use of Palm Kernel Cake and Oil Palm By-Products in Compound Feed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060104083530/http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/pod40-wan.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-01-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> M Wan Zahari and A R Alimon, 2004, <i>Palm Oil Developments</i> 40</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eco-business.com/news/can-power-from-palm-oil-waste-replace-fossil-fuels-in-coal-loving-asia/">"Can power from palm oil waste replace fossil fuels in coal-loving Asia?"</a>. <i><a href="Eco-Business" title="Eco-Business">Eco-Business</a></i>. June 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Palm_oil375" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm" title="List of plants known as oil palm">Oil palms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Attalea_(plant)" title="Attalea (plant)">Attalea</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Attalea_maripa" title="Attalea maripa">A. maripa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Attalea_speciosa" title="Attalea speciosa">A. speciosa</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Elaeis" title="Elaeis">Elaeis</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">E. guineesis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Elaeis_oleifera" title="Elaeis oleifera">E. oleifera</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Elaeis_guineensis#Pests" title="Elaeis guineensis">Diseases and<br>pests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bagworm_moth" title="Bagworm moth">Bagworm moth</a></li>

<li>Basal stem rot (<i><a href="Ganoderma_orbiforme" title="Ganoderma orbiforme">Ganoderma orbiforme</a></i>)</li>

<li><a href="Cadang-cadang" title="Cadang-cadang">Cadang-cadang disease</a></li>

<li>Little leaf syndrome

<ul><li><i><a href="Oryctes_rhinoceros" title="Oryctes rhinoceros">Oryctes rhinoceros</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Rhynchophorus_palmarum" title="Rhynchophorus palmarum">Rhynchophorus palmarum</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li>Oil palm bunch moth

<ul><li><i><a href="Tirathaba_mundella" title="Tirathaba mundella">Tirathaba mundella</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tirathaba_rufivena" title="Tirathaba rufivena">Tirathaba rufivena</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li>Red ring disease (<i><a href="Bursaphelenchus_cocophilus" title="Bursaphelenchus cocophilus">Bursaphelenchus cocophilus</a></i>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fruit_(plant_structure)#Mesocarp" title="Fruit (plant structure)">Mesocarp</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Lauric_acid" title="Lauric acid">lauric acid</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Myristic_acid" title="Myristic acid">myristic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Palm_stearin" title="Palm stearin">stearin</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biodiesel_production" title="Biodiesel production">Biodiesel production</a></li>

<li><a href="Fat_hydrogenation" title="Fat hydrogenation">Fat hydrogenation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fractionation" title="Fractionation">Fractionation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">Hydrolysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></li>

<li><a href="Saponification" title="Saponification">Saponification</a></li>

<li><a href="Transesterification" title="Transesterification">Transesterification</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biodiesel_by_region" title="Biodiesel by region">by region</a></li>

<li><a href="Neste_Renewable_Diesel" title="Neste Renewable Diesel">Neste</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li>

<li><a href="Girl_Scout_Cookies" title="Girl Scout Cookies">Girl Scout Cookies</a></li>

<li><a href="Oleochemistry" title="Oleochemistry">Oleochemicals</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Producers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bumitama_Agri" title="Bumitama Agri">Bumitama Agri</a></li>

<li><a href="Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a></li>

<li><a href="Carson_Cumberbatch" title="Carson Cumberbatch">Carson Cumberbatch</a></li>

<li><a href="Eagle_High_Plantations" title="Eagle High Plantations">Eagle High Plantations</a></li>

<li><a href="Equatorial_Palm_Oil" title="Equatorial Palm Oil">Equatorial Palm Oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Feronia_Inc." title="Feronia Inc.">Feronia Inc.</a></li>

<li><a href="FGV_Holdings" title="FGV Holdings">FGV Holdings</a></li>

<li><a href="IOI_Group" title="IOI Group">IOI Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuala_Lumpur_Kepong_Berhad" title="Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad">Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad</a></li>

<li><a href="Sime_Darby" title="Sime Darby">Sime Darby</a></li>

<li><a href="TH_Plantations" title="TH Plantations">TH Plantations</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilmar_International" title="Wilmar International">Wilmar International</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Buyers / processors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Neste" title="Neste">Neste</a></li>

<li><a href="Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Governmental /<br>non-governmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="FELCRA_Berhad" title="FELCRA Berhad">FELCRA Berhad</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Land_Development_Authority" title="Federal Land Development Authority">Federal Land Development Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesia_Commodity_and_Derivatives_Exchange" title="Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange">Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Malaysia_Derivatives_Exchange" title="Malaysia Derivatives Exchange">Malaysia Derivatives Exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Malaysian_Palm_Oil_Board" title="Malaysian Palm Oil Board">Malaysian Palm Oil Board</a></li>

<li><a href="Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil" title="Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies, impacts<br>and debates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biofuel_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Biofuel policy of Malaysia">Biofuel policy of Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Certified_sustainable_palm_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified sustainable palm oil">Certified sustainable palm oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Deforestation_by_continent" title="Deforestation by continent">Deforestation by continent</a>

<ul><li><a href="Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Southeast Asian haze</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">Environmental impact of biodiesel</a></li>

<li><a href="Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">Social and environmental impact of palm oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegetable_oils_as_alternative_energy" title="Vegetable oils as alternative energy">Vegetable oils as alternative energy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agriculture_in_Colombia#Palm_oil" title="Agriculture in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia" title="Palm oil production in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Palm_oil_production_in_Malaysia" title="Palm oil production in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b>

<ul><li><b>by country</b></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Palm_kernel&oldid=1302901271">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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